ISSN: 2534-5192 (electronic) – 2681-8566 (print)

◀ Helen Magowan▲ ProceedingsJanet Ganon-Davey ▶



ISBN: 978-2-487055-12-4
e-ISBN: 978-2-487055-13-1

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Synchronic and diachronic ordering in Chinese character form patterns
James Myers ORCID iD icon
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Abstract. This study demonstrates that interactions among patterns in modern Chinese character form cannot be ascribed to the diachronic order in which the patterns arose. In particular, lexically idiosyncratic patterns and articulatorily or perceptually motivated patterns interact in the modern system as if ordered early and late, respectively, regardless of when they arose historically. The results help confirm that, just as with spoken and signed languages, historical change in writing systems involves a sequence of synchronic grammars, each restructured from the previous one in accordance with universal synchronic principles.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.36824/2024-graf-myer


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———. 2021a. “Areal Script Form Patterns with Chinese Characteristics.” Written Language & Literacy 24 (2): 259–83.
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———. 2024a. “Interactions Among Patterns in Chinese Character Form.” In Looking at Language from All Sides, edited by James Myers and James H-Y. Tai, 129–52. Taipei: Crane Publishing.
———. 2024b. “Perception and Production of a Feature Correlation in Chinese Characters.” Written Language and Literacy 27:153–77.
———. 2025. “Prosody-Like Asymmetries in Handwritten Chinese Characters.” In Proceedings of the 2024 Annual Meeting of the Canadian Linguistic Association, edited by Gavin Bembridge, 1–14. Ottawa: Canadian Linguistic Association.
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Primus, Beatrice. 2004. “A Featural Analysis of the Modern Roman Alphabet.” Written Language & Literacy 7 (2): 235–74.
Prince, Alan, and Paul Smolensky. 2004. Optimality Theory: Constraint Interaction in Generative Grammar. Malden, MA,; Oxford, UK: Blackwell.
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Silby, Winston. 2008. “T-Flapping in New Zealand English: A Change over Time.” New Zealand English Journal 22:24–35.
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Vance, Timothy J. 1987. “‘Canadian Raising’ in Some Dialects of the Northern United States.” American Speech 62:195–210.
Venture, Olivier. 2001. “Quelques Observations Au Sujet de La Mise En Page Des Textes de Divination Sur Plastron.” In Actes Du Colloque International Commémorant Le Centenaire de La Découverte Des Inscriptions Sur Les Carapaces, edited by Shun-chiu Yau and Chrystelle Maréchal, 71–90. Paris: Éditions Langages Croisés.
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@INPROCEEDINGS{Aitken1981,
   AUTHOR = {Aitken, Adam J.},
   EDITOR = {Benskin, Michael and Samuels, M. L.},
   TITLE = {The Scottish Vowel-length Rule},
   BOOKTITLE = {So meny people longages and tonges: Philological essays in Scots and Mediaeval English presented to Angus McIntosh},
   PUBLISHER = {The Middle English Dialect Project},
   ADDRESS = {Edinburgh},
   YEAR = {1981},
   PAGES = {131--157},
}

@ARTICLE{Anderson1975,
   AUTHOR = {Anderson, Stephen R.},
   TITLE = {On the interaction of phonological rules of various types},
   JOURNAL = {Journal of Linguistics},
   YEAR = {1975},
   VOLUME = {11},
   PAGES = {39--62},
}

@ARTICLE{Bausman2025,
   AUTHOR = {Bausman, William C. and Weber, Marcel},
   TITLE = {What you can do for evolutionary developmental linguistics},
   JOURNAL = {European Journal for Philosophy of Science},
   YEAR = {2025},
   VOLUME = {15},
   NUMBER = {1},
   PAGES = {1--18},
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Behr2006,
   AUTHOR = {Behr, Wolfgang},
   EDITOR = {Bottéro, Françoise and Djamouri, Redouane},
   TITLE = {Homosomatic juxtaposition and the problem of `syssymantic' (huìyì) characters},
   BOOKTITLE = {Écriture chinoise: données, usages et representations},
   PUBLISHER = {École des hautes études en sciences sociales, Centre de recherches linguistiques sur l'Asie orientale},
   YEAR = {2006},
   PAGES = {75--114},
}

@ARTICLE{Chambers1973,
   AUTHOR = {Chambers, Jack K.},
   TITLE = {Canadian Raising},
   JOURNAL = {Canadian Journal of Linguistics},
   YEAR = {1973},
   VOLUME = {18},
   PAGES = {113--135},
}

@ARTICLE{Chen1975,
   AUTHOR = {Chen, Matthew Y. and Wang, William S.-Y.},
   TITLE = {Sound change: Actuation and implementation},
   JOURNAL = {Language},
   YEAR = {1975},
   VOLUME = {51},
   PAGES = {255--281},
}

@BOOK{Evertz2018,
   AUTHOR = {Evertz, Martin},
   TITLE = {Visual prosody: The graphematic foot in English and German},
   PUBLISHER = {Walter de Gruyter},
   ADDRESS = {Berlin},
   YEAR = {2018},
}

@ARTICLE{Fruehwald2016,
   AUTHOR = {Fruehwald, Josef},
   TITLE = {The early influence of phonology on a phonetic change},
   JOURNAL = {Language},
   YEAR = {2016},
   VOLUME = {92},
   NUMBER = {2},
   PAGES = {376--410},
}

@ARTICLE{Gnanadesikan2023,
   AUTHOR = {Gnanadesikan, Amalia E.},
   TITLE = {Segments and syllables in Hangeul and Thaana: A comparison and optimality theoretic analysis},
   JOURNAL = {Written Language \& Literacy},
   YEAR = {2023},
   VOLUME = {26},
   NUMBER = {2},
   PAGES = {239--266},
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Hall2005,
   AUTHOR = {Hall, Kathleen Currie},
   EDITOR = {Alderete, John and Han, Chung-hye and Kochetov, Alexei},
   TITLE = {Defining phonological rules over lexical neighbourhoods: Evidence from Canadian raising},
   BOOKTITLE = {Proceedings of the 24th West Coast Conference on Formal Linguistics},
   PUBLISHER = {Cascadilla Proceedings Project},
   ADDRESS = {Somerville, Mass},
   YEAR = {2005},
   VOLUME = {24},
   PAGES = {191--199},
}

@ARTICLE{Halle1962,
   AUTHOR = {Halle, Morris},
   TITLE = {Phonology in generative grammar},
   JOURNAL = {Word},
   YEAR = {1962},
   VOLUME = {18},
   PAGES = {54--72},
}

@ARTICLE{Han2022,
   AUTHOR = {Han, Simon J. and Kelly, Piers and Winters, James and Kemp, Charles},
   TITLE = {Simplification is not dominant in the evolution of Chinese characters},
   JOURNAL = {Open Mind},
   YEAR = {2022},
   VOLUME = {6},
   PAGES = {264--279},
}

@ARTICLE{Hauser2020,
   AUTHOR = {Hauser, Ivy and Hughto, Coral},
   TITLE = {Analyzing opacity with contextual faithfulness constraints},
   JOURNAL = {Glossa},
   YEAR = {2020},
   VOLUME = {5},
   NUMBER = {1},
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}

@BOOK{Inkelas2005,
   AUTHOR = {Inkelas, Sharon and Zoll, Cheryl},
   TITLE = {Reduplication: doubling in morphology},
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   YEAR = {2005},
}

@ARTICLE{Joos1942,
   AUTHOR = {Joos, Martin},
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   YEAR = {1942},
   VOLUME = {18},
   PAGES = {141--144},
}

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   AUTHOR = {Juang, {Der-Ming \‍tchinese[莊德明]}},
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   ADDRESS = {Taipei},
   YEAR = {2017},
   URL = {https://xiaoxue.iis.sinica.edu.tw/},
}

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   AUTHOR = {King, Robert D.},
   TITLE = {Rule insertion},
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   YEAR = {1973},
   VOLUME = {49},
   NUMBER = {3},
   PAGES = {551--578},
}

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   AUTHOR = {Kiparsky, Paul},
   EDITOR = {Bach, Emmon and Harms, Robert},
   TITLE = {Language universals and linguistic change},
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   PAGES = {170--202},
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Kiparsky2014,
   AUTHOR = {Kiparsky, Paul},
   EDITOR = {Bowern, Claire and Evans, Bethwyn},
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   BOOKTITLE = {The Routledge handbook of historical linguistics},
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}

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   AUTHOR = {Kiparsky, Paul},
   EDITOR = {Hsiao, Yuchau E. and Wee, Lian-Hee},
   TITLE = {Stratal OT: A synopsis and FAQs},
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   ADDRESS = {Newcastle upon Tyne},
   YEAR = {2015},
   PAGES = {1--44},
}

@ARTICLE{Labov1981,
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   VOLUME = {57},
   NUMBER = {2},
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}

@PHDTHESIS{Liu2008,
   AUTHOR = {Liu, {Man \‍tchinese[刘曼]}},
   TITLE = {{\‍tchinese 叠体字的历时考察与认知比较研究} [The diachronic study and cognitive comparison of stacked characters]},
   SCHOOL = {Tsinghua University},
   ADDRESS = {Beijing},
   YEAR = {2008},
}

@BOOK{Love2024,
   AUTHOR = {Love, Alan C.},
   TITLE = {Evolution and development},
   PUBLISHER = {Cambridge University Press},
   ADDRESS = {Cambridge, UK},
   YEAR = {2024},
}

@ARTICLE{McCarthy1999,
   AUTHOR = {McCarthy, John},
   TITLE = {Sympathy and phonological opacity},
   JOURNAL = {Phonology},
   YEAR = {1999},
   VOLUME = {16},
   NUMBER = {3},
   PAGES = {331--399},
}

@BOOK{McCarthy2007,
   AUTHOR = {McCarthy, John},
   TITLE = {Hidden generalizations: Phonological opacity in Optimality Theory},
   PUBLISHER = {Equinox Publishing},
   ADDRESS = {London},
   YEAR = {2007},
}

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   AUTHOR = {McCarthy, John and Prince, Alan},
   EDITOR = {Beckman, Jill and Dickey, Laura Walsh and Urbanczyk, Suzanne},
   TITLE = {Faithfulness and reduplicative identity},
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   PAGES = {249--384},
}

@ARTICLE{Moreton2021,
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   JOURNAL = {American Speech},
   YEAR = {2021},
   VOLUME = {106},
   NUMBER = {1},
   PAGES = {13--44},
}

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   AUTHOR = {Moreton, Elliott and Thomas, Erik R.},
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   PAGES = {37--64},
}

@ARTICLE{Myers2016,
   AUTHOR = {Myers, James},
   TITLE = {Knowing Chinese character grammar},
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   YEAR = {2016},
   VOLUME = {147},
   PAGES = {127--132},
}

@BOOK{Myers2019,
   AUTHOR = {Myers, James},
   TITLE = {The grammar of Chinese characters: Productive knowledge of formal patterns in an orthographic system},
   PUBLISHER = {Routledge},
   ADDRESS = {Abingdon},
   YEAR = {2019},
}

@ARTICLE{Myers2021b,
   AUTHOR = {Myers, James},
   TITLE = {Areal script form patterns with Chinese characteristics},
   JOURNAL = {Written Language \& Literacy},
   YEAR = {2021},
   VOLUME = {24},
   NUMBER = {2},
   PAGES = {259--283},
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Myers2021a,
   AUTHOR = {Myers, James},
   EDITOR = {Yannis Haralambous},
   TITLE = {Levels of structure within Chinese character constituents},
   BOOKTITLE = {Proceedings of Grapholinguistics in the 21st Century, 2020},
   SERIES = {Grapholinguistics and Its Applications},
   PUBLISHER = {Fluxus Editions},
   ADDRESS = {Brest},
   YEAR = {2021},
   VOLUME = {5},
   PAGES = {645--681},
}

@ARTICLE{Myers2022,
   AUTHOR = {Myers, James},
   TITLE = {Teaching Chinese character grammar},
   JOURNAL = {Chinese Language Learning and Technology},
   YEAR = {2022},
   VOLUME = {2},
   NUMBER = {2},
   PAGES = {1--37},
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Myers2024,
   AUTHOR = {Myers, James},
   EDITOR = {Myers, James and Tai, James H-Y.},
   TITLE = {Interactions among patterns in Chinese character form},
   BOOKTITLE = {Looking at language from all sides},
   PUBLISHER = {Crane Publishing},
   ADDRESS = {Taipei},
   YEAR = {2024},
   PAGES = {129--152},
}

@ARTICLE{Myers2024b,
   AUTHOR = {Myers, James},
   TITLE = {Perception and production of a feature correlation in Chinese characters},
   JOURNAL = {Written Language and Literacy},
   YEAR = {2024},
   VOLUME = {27},
   PAGES = {153--177},
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Myers2025,
   AUTHOR = {Myers, James},
   EDITOR = {Gavin Bembridge},
   TITLE = {Prosody-like asymmetries in handwritten Chinese characters},
   BOOKTITLE = {Proceedings of the 2024 Annual Meeting of the Canadian Linguistic Association},
   PUBLISHER = {Canadian Linguistic Association},
   ADDRESS = {Ottawa},
   YEAR = {2025},
   PAGES = {1--14},
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Nevins2011,
   AUTHOR = {Nevins, Andrew},
   EDITOR = {van Oostendorp, Marc and Ewen, Colin J. and Hume, Elizabeth and Rice, Keren},
   TITLE = {Phonologically-conditioned allomorph selection},
   BOOKTITLE = {The Blackwell companion to phonology, Volume IV: Phonological interfaces},
   PUBLISHER = {Wiley-Blackwell},
   ADDRESS = {Malden, MA},
   YEAR = {2011},
   PAGES = {2357--2382},
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Noske2012,
   AUTHOR = {Noske, Roland},
   EDITOR = {Botma, Bert and Noske, Roland},
   TITLE = {The Grimm-Verner push chain and Contrast Preservation Theory},
   BOOKTITLE = {Phonological explorations: Empirical, theoretical and diachronic issues},
   PUBLISHER = {De Gruyter},
   ADDRESS = {Berlin},
   YEAR = {2012},
   PAGES = {63--86},
}

@ARTICLE{Primus2004,
   AUTHOR = {Primus, Beatrice},
   TITLE = {A featural analysis of the Modern Roman Alphabet},
   JOURNAL = {Written Language \& Literacy},
   YEAR = {2004},
   VOLUME = {7},
   NUMBER = {2},
   PAGES = {235--274},
}

@BOOK{PrinceSmolensky2004,
   AUTHOR = {Prince, Alan and Smolensky, Paul},
   TITLE = {Optimality Theory: Constraint interaction in generative grammar},
   PUBLISHER = {Blackwell},
   ADDRESS = {Malden, MA, and Oxford, UK},
   YEAR = {2004},
}

@ARTICLE{Pruitt2023,
   AUTHOR = {Pruitt, Kathryn},
   TITLE = {Serialism and opacity in phonological theory},
   JOURNAL = {Annual Review of Linguistics},
   YEAR = {2023},
   VOLUME = {9},
   PAGES = {497--517},
}

@BOOK{Qiu2000,
   AUTHOR = {Qiu, Xigui},
   TITLE = {Chinese writing},
   PUBLISHER = {The Society for the Study of Early China and The Institute of East Asian Studies, University of California},
   ADDRESS = {Berkeley},
   YEAR = {2000},
   NOTE = {Compiled and translated from Chinese by G. L. Mattos and J. Norman},
}

@ARTICLE{Silby2008,
   AUTHOR = {Silby, Winston},
   TITLE = {t-flapping in New Zealand English: A change over time},
   JOURNAL = {New Zealand English Journal},
   YEAR = {2008},
   VOLUME = {22},
   PAGES = {24--35},
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Steriade2000,
   AUTHOR = {Steriade, Donca},
   EDITOR = {Broe, Michael and Pierrehumbert, Janet},
   TITLE = {Paradigm uniformity and the phonetics-phonology boundary},
   BOOKTITLE = {Papers in Laboratory Phonology},
   PUBLISHER = {Cambridge University Press},
   ADDRESS = {Cambridge, UK},
   YEAR = {2000},
   VOLUME = {5},
   PAGES = {313--335},
}

@ARTICLE{Vance1987,
   AUTHOR = {Vance, Timothy J.},
   TITLE = {`Canadian Raising' in some dialects of the northern United States},
   JOURNAL = {American Speech},
   YEAR = {1987},
   VOLUME = {62},
   PAGES = {195--210},
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Venture2001,
   AUTHOR = {Venture, Olivier},
   EDITOR = {Yau, Shun-chiu and Maréchal, Chrystelle},
   TITLE = {Quelques observations au sujet de la mise en page des textes de divination sur plastron},
   BOOKTITLE = {Actes du colloque international commémorant le centenaire de la découverte des inscriptions sur les carapaces},
   PUBLISHER = {Éditions Langages Croisés},
   ADDRESS = {Paris},
   YEAR = {2001},
   PAGES = {71--90},
}

@PHDTHESIS{Withgott1982,
   AUTHOR = {Withgott, M. Margaret},
   TITLE = {Segmental evidence for phonological constituents},
   SCHOOL = {University of Texas at Austin},
   YEAR = {1982},
}

James Myers (2024), “Synchronic and diachronic ordering in Chinese character form patterns,” in Proceedings of Grapholinguistics in the 21st Century, 2024 (Yannis Haralambous, Ed.), Grapholinguistics and Its Applications, Vol. 12, Brest: Fluxus Editions, 507–531.


@INPROCEEDINGS{gla12-myer,
   AUTHOR = {James Myers},
   EDITOR = {Haralambous, Yannis},
   TITLE = {{Synchronic and diachronic ordering in Chinese character form patterns}},
   BOOKTITLE = {{Proceedings of Grapholinguistics in the 21st Century, 2024}},
   SERIES = {{Grapholinguistics and Its Applications}},
   VOLUME = {12},
   PUBLISHER = {Fluxus Editions},
   ADDRESS = {Brest},
   YEAR = {2024},
   PAGES = {507--531},
   DOI = {https://doi.org/10.36824/2024-graf-myer},
}