ISSN: 2534-5192 (electronic) – 2681-8566 (print)
ISSN: 2534-5192 (electronic) – 2681-8566 (print)| ◀ Mangas Hector Afonso; Peter Biľak | ▲ Proceedings | Santhosh Thottingal ▶ |
 ISBN: 978-2-487055-12-4 e-ISBN: 978-2-487055-13-1  Download (122.87 MB) | Prima — An innovative type, designed for learning to read and write Titus Nemeth; Martin Tiefenthaler Download (14.8 MB)Abstract. This paper is as much a history of Austrian handwriting models as an account of the making of Primæ, an innovative new type designed for learning to read and write. It situates the narrative of this contemporary applied design project against an historical overview of writing instruction in Austria, identifying key factors in the evolution of a national handwriting model. It demonstrates the pronounced formal continuities that span the last 100 years of teaching writing in primary school, and lays out rationale, approach, and outcomes of the last handwriting instruction reform—effected between 1984 and 1995—that was sanctioned by the Ministry of Education. It casts a critical light on the implementation of the resulting national handwriting model ‘Österreichische Schulschrift 1995’ and highlights its strategic shortcomings. DOI: https://doi.org/10.36824/2024-graf-neme
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VOLUME = {23},
NUMBER = {10},
URL = {https://journals.uic.edu/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/9419},
}
@MISC{mangen2019stavanger,
AUTHOR = {Mangen, Anne and van der Weel, Adriaan and Kovac, Miha},
TITLE = {The Stavanger Declaration on the Future of Reading: Press Release: The New Importance of Reading},
YEAR = {2019},
URL = {https://www.stavangerdeclaration.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/StavangerDeclarationPressRelease.pdf},
}
@ARTICLE{marquardt2016handwriting,
AUTHOR = {Marquardt, Christian and Diaz Meyer, Marianela and Schneider, Manuela and Hilgemann, René},
TITLE = {Learning Handwriting at School -- A Teachers' Survey on Actual Problems and Future Options},
JOURNAL = {Trends in Neuroscience and Education},
YEAR = {2016},
VOLUME = {5},
NUMBER = {3},
PAGES = {82--89},
NOTE = {Writing in the digital age},
}
@BOOK{mcnamara2007reading,
EDITOR = {McNamara, Danielle S.},
TITLE = {Reading Comprehension Strategies: Theories, Interventions, and Technologies},
ADDRESS = {New York},
YEAR = {2007},
}
@ARTICLE{vandermeer2017fingers,
AUTHOR = {van der Meer, Audrey L. H. and van der Weel, F. R. (Ruud)},
TITLE = {Only Three Fingers Write, but the Whole Brain Works: A High-Density {EEG} Study Showing Advantages of Drawing Over Typing for Learning},
JOURNAL = {Frontiers in Psychology},
YEAR = {2017},
VOLUME = {8},
URL = {https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/psychology/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00706/full},
}
@BOOK{meier2003anleitung,
AUTHOR = {Meier, Hans Eduard},
TITLE = {Anleitung Zu Einer Zeitgemässen Schulschrift Für Alle, Die Schreiben Lernen: Ein Buch Für Die Lehrenden Und Übungshefte Für Die Lernenden},
ADDRESS = {Glarus},
YEAR = {2003},
}
@MISC{mez2024aufonts,
AUTHOR = {Mez},
TITLE = {{MezMerrit/AU-School-Handwriting-Fonts}},
ADDRESS = {Australia},
YEAR = {2024},
URL = {https://github.com/MezMerrit/AU-School-Handwriting-Fonts},
}
@BOOK{men2013modeles,
AUTHOR = {{Ministère de l'éducation nationale}},
TITLE = {Modèles d'écriture scolaire},
ADDRESS = {Paris},
YEAR = {2013},
URL = {https://eduscol.education.fr/204/polices-de-caracteres-cursives-pour-l-enseignement-de-l-ecriture},
}
@ARTICLE{mueller2014pen,
AUTHOR = {Mueller, Pam A. and Oppenheimer, Daniel M.},
TITLE = {The Pen Is Mightier than the Keyboard: Advantages of Longhand over Laptop Note Taking},
JOURNAL = {Psychological Science},
YEAR = {2014},
VOLUME = {25},
NUMBER = {6},
PAGES = {1159--1168},
}
@MISC{nemeth2023prima_tga,
AUTHOR = {Nemeth, Titus and Tiefenthaler, Martin},
TITLE = {Prima Schreiben Lernen},
ADDRESS = {Vienna},
YEAR = {2023},
}
@INPROCEEDINGS{nemeth2024prima_venice,
AUTHOR = {Nemeth, Titus and Tiefenthaler, Martin},
TITLE = {Prima: An Innovative Type for Learning to Read and Write},
BOOKTITLE = {Grapholinguistics in the 21st Century},
ADDRESS = {Venice},
YEAR = {2024},
URL = {https://grafematik2024.sciencesconf.org/},
}
@INPROCEEDINGS{nemeth2025primae_brno,
AUTHOR = {Nemeth, Titus and Tiefenthaler, Martin},
TITLE = {Primæ: An Extensive Innovative Type for Learning to Read and Write},
BOOKTITLE = {BRNO BOLD Typo02},
ADDRESS = {Brno},
YEAR = {2025},
URL = {https://www.brnobold.cz/udalosti/brno-bold-typo-2},
}
@BOOK{noordzij1985kind,
AUTHOR = {Noordzij, Gerrit},
TITLE = {Kind und Schrift},
ADDRESS = {München},
YEAR = {1985},
}
@BOOK{noordzij2005stroke,
AUTHOR = {Noordzij, Gerrit},
TRANSLATOR = {Enneson, Peter},
TITLE = {The Stroke: Theory of Writing},
ADDRESS = {London},
YEAR = {2005},
}
@BOOK{palmer1894guide,
AUTHOR = {Palmer, Austin Norman},
TITLE = {Palmer's Guide to Business Writing},
ADDRESS = {Cedar Rapids, IA},
YEAR = {1894},
}
@INCOLLECTION{pfoser2015schulreform,
AUTHOR = {Pfoser, Alfred},
EDITOR = {Buchberger, Reinhard and Feuerstein-Prasse, Michaela and Heimann-Jelinek, Felicitas and Linke, Nina},
TITLE = {Die österreichische Schulreform},
BOOKTITLE = {Tafelkratzer, Tintenpatzer: Schulgeschichten aus Wien},
ADDRESS = {Vienna},
YEAR = {2015},
PAGES = {203--207},
}
@MISC{primae_schulschrift,
TITLE = {Primæ · Eine Schrift Zum Lesen- Und Schreibenlernen},
URL = {https://www.schulschrift.at/},
}
@TECHREPORT{rechnungshof2024,
AUTHOR = {{Rechnungshof Österreich}},
TITLE = {8-Punkte-Plan für eine digitale Schule: Auswirkungen auf digitale Kompetenzen der Schülerinnen und Schüler unklar},
ADDRESS = {Vienna},
YEAR = {2024},
URL = {https://www.rechnungshof.gv.at/rh/home/home/2024_29_8_Punkte_Plan_digitale_Schule.pdf},
}
@BOOK{sassoon2007handwriting,
AUTHOR = {Sassoon, Rosemary},
TITLE = {Handwriting of the Twentieth Century},
ADDRESS = {Bristol, Chicago},
YEAR = {2007},
}
@BOOK{sassoon1993better,
AUTHOR = {Sassoon, Rosemary and Briem, Gunnlaugur S. E.},
TITLE = {Better Handwriting},
SERIES = {Teach Yourself},
ADDRESS = {London},
YEAR = {1993},
}
@MISC{willsoftware_schulschriften,
TITLE = {Schulschriften von Will Software},
URL = {https://www.will-software.com/infos/schlsoft.htm},
}
@BOOK{soennecken1911werdegang,
AUTHOR = {Soennecken, Friedrich},
TITLE = {Der Werdegang unserer Schrift},
ADDRESS = {Bonn},
YEAR = {1911},
}
@BOOK{sutterlin1917leitfaden,
AUTHOR = {Sütterlin, Ludwig},
TITLE = {Neuer Leitfaden für den Schreibunterricht},
ADDRESS = {Berlin},
YEAR = {1917},
}
@ARTICLE{tanzer2023schnoerkelmalen,
AUTHOR = {Tanzer, Andreas},
TITLE = {Schnörkelmalen Ist Geschichte},
JOURNAL = {Die Presse},
YEAR = {2023},
URL = {https://www.diepresse.com/13437843/schnoerkelmalen-ist-geschichte},
}
@MISC{oneclub_tdc69,
AUTHOR = {{The One Club For Creativity}},
TITLE = {{TDC} Awards -- 69th Winners Showcase | Wiener Bildungsserver | Prima},
URL = {https://www.oneclub.org/tdcawards/showcase/69th/-item/46232},
}
@BOOK{thornton1996handwriting,
AUTHOR = {Thornton, Tamara Plakins},
TITLE = {Handwriting in America: A Cultural History},
YEAR = {1996},
URL = {http://archive.org/details/handwritinginame00tama},
}
@BOOK{tost2021schreibenlernen,
AUTHOR = {Tost, Renate and Ortmann, Frank},
TITLE = {Schreibenlernen mit der Hand bildet Formsinn und Verstand: Gestalterische Grundlagen der Schulausgangsschrift},
YEAR = {2021},
}
@MISC{trummer2023rundschreiben,
AUTHOR = {Trummer, Gerhild},
TITLE = {Rundschreiben Nr. 35/2022 (BMBWF): Österreichische Schulschrift; Information über die Neuerungen ab SJ 23/24},
YEAR = {2023},
URL = {https://rundschreiben.bmbwf.gv.at/rundschreiben/?id=1062},
}
@MISC{typetogether_primarium,
AUTHOR = {{TypeTogether s. r. o.}},
TITLE = {Primarium: Handwriting Education in Primary Schools},
URL = {https://primarium.com/},
}
@MISC{cafepuls2023typo,
TITLE = {{TYPO} 2.0: Neue Schrift Für Schulkinder},
ADDRESS = {Vienna},
YEAR = {2023},
}
@TECHREPORT{unicef2021digital,
AUTHOR = {{UNICEF}},
TITLE = {Effectiveness of Digital Learning Solutions to Improve Educational Outcomes: A Review of the Evidence},
YEAR = {2021},
URL = {https://www.unicef.org/documents/effectiveness-digital-learning-solutions-improve-educational-outcomes},
}
@BOOK{verordnungsblatt1946a,
TITLE = {Verordnungsblatt für den Dienstbereich des Bundesministeriums für Unterricht},
ADDRESS = {Vienna},
YEAR = {1946},
URL = {http://data.onb.ac.at/ABO/%2BZ14447290X},
}
@BOOK{verordnungsblatt1946b,
TITLE = {Verordnungsblatt für den Dienstbereich des Bundesministeriums für Unterricht},
ADDRESS = {Vienna},
YEAR = {1946},
URL = {http://data.onb.ac.at/ABO/%2BZ14447290X},
}
@ARTICLE{walker2007letterforms,
AUTHOR = {Walker, Sue},
TITLE = {Letterforms for Handwriting and Reading: Print Script and Sanserifs in Early Twentieth-Century England},
JOURNAL = {Typography Papers},
YEAR = {2007},
VOLUME = {7},
PAGES = {81--114},
}
@MISC{orf2023schreibschrift,
TITLE = {Wie geht denn das: Schreibschrift},
YEAR = {2023},
URL = {https://tvthek.orf.at/profile/Studio-2/13890037/Studio-2/14192717},
}
@MISC{orf2023schulschrift,
AUTHOR = {{wien ORF at/Agenturen}},
TITLE = {Eigene Schreibschrift für Wien},
YEAR = {2023},
URL = {https://wien.orf.at/stories/3196108/},
}
@MISC{bildungsserverwien_prima,
AUTHOR = {{Wiener Bildungsserver}},
TITLE = {Prima},
URL = {https://prima.wien/},
}
@MISC{wienerschriften2025prima,
AUTHOR = {{Wiener Schriften}},
TITLE = {{WienerSchriften/Prima}},
YEAR = {2025},
URL = {https://github.com/WienerSchriften/Prima},
}
@ARTICLE{zilch2013sutterlin,
AUTHOR = {Zilch, Reinhold},
TITLE = {Sütterlin, Ludwig},
JOURNAL = {Neue Deutsche Biographie},
YEAR = {2013},
PAGES = {688--689},
URL = {https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/sfz129700.html#ndbcontent},
}
Titus Nemeth; Martin Tiefenthaler (2024), “Prima — An innovative type, designed for learning to read and write,” in Proceedings of Grapholinguistics in the 21st Century, 2024 (Yannis Haralambous, Ed.), Grapholinguistics and Its Applications, Vol. 12, Brest: Fluxus Editions, 713–756.
@INPROCEEDINGS{gla12-neme,
AUTHOR = {Titus Nemeth and Martin Tiefenthaler},
EDITOR = {Haralambous, Yannis},
TITLE = {{Prima — An innovative type, designed for learning to read and write}},
BOOKTITLE = {{Proceedings of Grapholinguistics in the 21st Century, 2024}},
SERIES = {{Grapholinguistics and Its Applications}},
VOLUME = {12},
PUBLISHER = {Fluxus Editions},
ADDRESS = {Brest},
YEAR = {2024},
PAGES = {713--756},
DOI = {https://doi.org/10.36824/2024-graf-neme},
}
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