Fluxus Editions

Abstract. This paper is concerned with the overall structure of the mental lexicon in an agglutinative language such as Arabic. Due to that feature, as reflected by the writing of the language, a great number of nouns, adjectives and verbs do not appear as nude word-forms and include formatives on their right and/or left side. This implies that the recognition of the lexical stem of a word-form is a complex process, which is accounted for by a word-formative grammar. This is not without consequences for the structure of the mental lexicon, both in general and in that language.
It well-known today that the mental lexicon cannot be reduced to a mere sense/form set of features. In addition to meaning (or sense) and to phonic or graphic form, one must add a third fundamental aspect, which relates the lexical entry to its context. This is what Igor Mel (1982) calls the syntactic, which includes, e.g. gender in languages such as Latin, French or German… Verbs can be transitive or intransitive but also accept—or not—human (or quasi human) subjects or complements (Dichy, 2005).
In this paper, we consider the syntactic of Arabic lexical entries within the frame of the written word-form, the features of which are called morpho-syntactic specifiers. These include, at first, the indication of the major lexical category of the stem, due to the fact that some proclitic tool-words are related to nouns (typically, cliticised prepositions) and others to verbs (e.g. cliticised conjunctions). Complement pronouns being also cliticised, the transitivity or intransitivity of verbs must also be taken into consideration. These are basic examples. In this paper, a complete list of Arabic word-form specifiers is presented. In the DIINAR database, these have been added on a systematic basis to all the 129,000 lexical entries.
The paper illustrates the fact that morpho-syntactic specifiers are necessary in Arabic for the recognition of word-forms. They subsequently need to be added to the meaning and form of lexical entries in the mental lexicon of the language.

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@PHDTHESIS{Abraham1995,
   AUTHOR = {Abraham, Maryvonne},
   TITLE = {Contribution méthodologique à la constitution d'un dictionnaire informatique des verbes : analyse sémantico-cognitive des verbes de mouvement et d'activité},
   SCHOOL = {EHESS},
   ADDRESS = {Paris},
   YEAR = {1995},
}

@BOOK{AmmarDichy1999,
   AUTHOR = {Ammar, Sam and Dichy, Joseph},
   TITLE = {Bescherelle des verbes arabe},
   PUBLISHER = {Hatier},
   ADDRESS = {Paris},
   YEAR = {1999},
   NOTE = {Édition revue et actualisée 2008},
}

@BOOK{AmmarDichy2021,
   AUTHOR = {Ammar, Sam and Dichy, Joseph},
   TITLE = {20001 verbes arabes. Dictionnaire de conjugaison, précédé des principes de classification et de modélisation de conjugaison},
   PUBLISHER = {Librairie du Liban},
   ADDRESS = {Beyrouth},
   YEAR = {2021},
}

@BOOK{Bayyumi1989,
   AUTHOR = {Bayyūmī, Ḥasan and Khalīl, Kalfat and al-Shāfi{\ayn}ī, Aḥmad},
   TITLE = {\foreignlanguage{arabic}{بيومي، حسن، خليل كلفت، أحمد الشافعي. معجم تصريف الأفعال العربية} [Dictionary of Arabic Verb Conjugations]},
   PUBLISHER = {\foreignlanguage{arabic}{دار إلياس العصرية} [Dar Elias al-{\ayn}aṣriya]},
   ADDRESS = {\foreignlanguage{arabic}{القاهرة} [Cairo]},
   YEAR = {1989},
}

@ARTICLE{BrahamGhazali1998,
   AUTHOR = {Braham, Abdelfattah and Ghazali, Salem},
   TITLE = {\foreignlanguage{arabic}{ابراهم، عبدالفتاح وسالم غزالي. قاعدة البيانات المعجمية العربية أو مشروع معجم العربية الآلي (معالي---DIINAR)، حصيلة وآفاق} [Arabic Lexical Database or Automated Arabic Dictionary Project]},
   JOURNAL = {\foreignlanguage{arabic}{المجلة العربية للعلوم} [Arab Journal of Science]},
   YEAR = {1998},
   VOLUME = {32},
   PAGES = {14--23},
}

@BOOK{Chomsky1972,
   AUTHOR = {Chomsky, N.},
   TITLE = {Studies on Semantics in Generative Grammar},
   PUBLISHER = {Mouton},
   ADDRESS = {La Haye},
   YEAR = {1972},
   NOTE = {Trad. fr. \emph{Questions de sémantique}, Paris, Le Seuil, 1975},
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Cohen1961,
   AUTHOR = {Cohen, David},
   TITLE = {Essai d'une analyse automatique de l'arabe},
   BOOKTITLE = {Études de linguistique sémitique et arabe},
   PUBLISHER = {Mouton},
   ADDRESS = {Paris},
   YEAR = {1970},
   NOTE = {Originally published in \emph{T.A. informations}, 1961},
}

@BOOK{Deroche2004,
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   TITLE = {Le livre manuscrit arabe. Préludes à une histoire},
   PUBLISHER = {Bnf},
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   YEAR = {2004},
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@ARTICLE{Descles1994,
   AUTHOR = {Desclés, Jean-Pierre},
   TITLE = {Relations casuelles et schèmes sémantico-cognitifs},
   JOURNAL = {Langages},
   YEAR = {1994},
   VOLUME = {113},
   PAGES = {113--125},
   NOTE = {\emph{Les relations actancielles. Sémantique, syntaxe, morphologie}},
}

@TECHREPORT{Descles1982,
   AUTHOR = {Desclés, Jean-Pierre and Abaab, H. and Dichy, J. and Kouloughli, D. E. and Ziadah, M. S.},
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   NOTE = {Rapport rédigé sous la direction de J.-P. Desclés pour le Ministère français des Affaires étrangères (sous-direction de la Politique linguistique)},
}

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   AUTHOR = {Dichy, Joseph},
   TITLE = {L'écriture dans la représentation de la langue : la lettre et le mot en arabe},
   SCHOOL = {Université de Lyon},
   TYPE = {Doctorat d'État},
   YEAR = {1990},
   NOTE = {2 vol.},
}

@ARTICLE{Dichy1993,
   AUTHOR = {Dichy, Joseph},
   TITLE = {Knowledge-system simulation and the computer-aided learning of {A}rabic verb-form synthesis and analysis},
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   VOLUME = {6/7},
   PAGES = {67--84, 92--95},
}

@ARTICLE{Dichy1997,
   AUTHOR = {Dichy, Joseph},
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   YEAR = {1997},
   VOLUME = {42},
   NUMBER = {2},
   PAGES = {291--306},
   URL = {http://www.erudit.org/revue/meta/1997/v42/n2/002564ar.pdf},
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Dichy2005,
   AUTHOR = {Dichy, Joseph},
   EDITOR = {Béjoint, Henri and Maniez, François},
   TITLE = {Spécificateurs engendrés par les traits [±ANIME], [±HUMAIN], [±CONCRET] et structures d'arguments en arabe et en français},
   BOOKTITLE = {De la mesure dans les termes. Hommage à Philippe Thoiron},
   PUBLISHER = {Presses Universitaires de Lyon},
   YEAR = {2005},
   PAGES = {152--181},
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{gla9-dich,
   AUTHOR = {Joseph Dichy},
   EDITOR = {Haralambous, Yannis},
   TITLE = {{Semitic Writings and Short Vowels: Alternative Hypotheses in a Renewed View of the Analytics of Writing}},
   BOOKTITLE = {{Proceedings of Grapholinguistics in the 21st Century, 2022}},
   SERIES = {{Grapholinguistics and Its Applications}},
   PUBLISHER = {Fluxus Editions},
   ADDRESS = {Brest},
   YEAR = {2022},
   VOLUME = {9},
   PAGES = {377--390},
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{DichyFerghali2003,
   AUTHOR = {Dichy, Joseph and Ferghali, Ali},
   TITLE = {Roots \& Patterns vs. Stems plus Grammar-Lexis Specifications: on what basis should a multilingual lexical database centred on {A}rabic be built?},
   BOOKTITLE = {Proceedings of the Workshop on Machine Translation for Semitic Languages: Issues and Approaches},
   YEAR = {2003},
   PAGES = {1--8},
   NOTE = {IXth Machine Translation Summit, New Orleans, 23-27 September 2003},
}

@ARTICLE{DichyHassoun2005,
   AUTHOR = {Dichy, Joseph and Hassoun, Mohamed},
   TITLE = {The {DIINAR}.1-«\foreignlanguage{arabic}{معالي}» {A}rabic Lexical Resource, an outline of contents and methodology},
   JOURNAL = {The ELRA Newsletter},
   YEAR = {2005},
   VOLUME = {10},
   NUMBER = {2},
   PAGES = {5--10},
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{DichyEtAl2002,
   AUTHOR = {Dichy, Joseph and Braham, Abdelfattah and Ghazali, Salem and Hassoun, Mohamed},
   EDITOR = {Braham, Abdelfattah},
   TITLE = {La base de connaissances linguistiques {DIINAR}.1},
   BOOKTITLE = {Colloque international sur le traitement automatique de l'arabe},
   PUBLISHER = {Université de La Manouba},
   ADDRESS = {La Manouba-Tunis},
   YEAR = {2002},
   PAGES = {45--56},
}

@BOOK{FassiFehri2012,
   AUTHOR = {Fassi Fehri, Abdelkader},
   TITLE = {Key Features and Parameters in {A}rabic Grammar},
   PUBLISHER = {John Benjamins},
   ADDRESS = {The Netherlands/Philadelphia},
   YEAR = {2012},
}

@ARTICLE{FrostEtAl2000,
   AUTHOR = {Frost, R. and Deutsch, A. and Forster, K.},
   TITLE = {Decomposing morphologically complex words in a non linear morphology},
   JOURNAL = {Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition},
   YEAR = {2000},
   VOLUME = {26},
   PAGES = {751--765},
}

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   PAGES = {829--856},
}

@PHDTHESIS{Ghenima1998,
   AUTHOR = {Ghenima, Malek},
   TITLE = {Analyse morpho-syntaxique en vue de la voyellation assistée par ordinateur des textes écrits en arabe},
   SCHOOL = {ENSSIB/Université Lyon},
   YEAR = {1998},
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{GraingerEtAl2003,
   AUTHOR = {Grainger, Jonathan and Dichy, Joseph and El-Halfaoui, Mohamed and Bamhamed, Mohamed},
   EDITOR = {Jaffré, Jean-Pierre},
   TITLE = {Approche expérimentale de la reconnaissance du mot écrit en arabe},
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   VOLUME = {22},
   PAGES = {77--86},
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{IbnAlHajib1975,
   AUTHOR = {Ibn al-Ḥāǧib},
   EDITOR = {Nūr al-Ḥasan and others},
   TITLE = {\foreignlanguage{arabic}{ابن الحاجب. الشافية في علمي التصريف والخط} [al-Shāfiya on the Two Sciences of Morphology and Orthography]},
   BOOKTITLE = {\foreignlanguage{arabic}{رضي الدين الأستراباذي. شرح الشافية، تحقيق نور الحسن وآخرين} [Commentary on al-Shāfiya]},
   PUBLISHER = {\foreignlanguage{arabic}{دار الكتب العلمية} [House of Scientific Books]},
   ADDRESS = {\foreignlanguage{arabic}{بيروت} [Beirut]},
   YEAR = {1975},
   NOTE = {4 vols.},
}

@BOOK{IbnJinni1985,
   AUTHOR = {Ibn Jinnī},
   EDITOR = {Hindāwī, Hassan},
   TITLE = {\foreignlanguage{arabic}{ابن جني. سر صناعة الإعراب، تحقيق حسن هنداوي} [The Secret of the Craft of Desinential Inflection]},
   PUBLISHER = {\foreignlanguage{arabic}{دار القلم} [House of the Qalam]},
   ADDRESS = {\foreignlanguage{arabic}{دمشق} [Damascus]},
   YEAR = {1985},
   NOTE = {2 vols.},
}

@BOOK{MelcukEtAl1995,
   AUTHOR = {Mel\$'\$čuk, I. and Clas, A. and Polguère, A.},
   TITLE = {Introduction à la lexicologie explicative et combinatoire},
   PUBLISHER = {Duculot},
   ADDRESS = {Louvain-la-Neuve},
   YEAR = {1995},
}

@BOOK{MelcukEtAl1984,
   AUTHOR = {Mel\$'\$čuk, I. and {et al.}},
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   YEAR = {1984},
}

@BOOK{Melcuk1982,
   AUTHOR = {Mel\$'\$čuk, Igor},
   TITLE = {Towards a Language of Linguistics, A System of Formal Notions for Theoretical Morphology},
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   ADDRESS = {München},
   YEAR = {1982},
}

@BOOK{Osman1995,
   AUTHOR = {Osman, Nabil},
   TITLE = {Konjugation Lexikon Arabische Verben},
   PUBLISHER = {Max Hueler Verlag},
   ADDRESS = {München},
   YEAR = {1995},
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Ouersighni2001,
   AUTHOR = {Ouersighni, Riadh},
   TITLE = {A major offshoot of the {DIINAR-MBC} project: \emph{AraParse}, a morpho-syntactic analyzer of unvowelled {A}rabic texts},
   BOOKTITLE = {ACL 39th Annual Meeting, Workshop on Arabic Language Processing: Status and Prospect},
   ADDRESS = {Toulouse},
   YEAR = {2001},
   PAGES = {66--72},
}

@PHDTHESIS{Ouersighni2002,
   AUTHOR = {Ouersighni, Riadh},
   TITLE = {La conception et la réalisation d'un système d'analyse morpho-syntaxique robuste pour l'arabe : utilisation pour la détection et le diagnostic des fautes d'accord},
   SCHOOL = {ENSSIB/Université de Lyon},
   YEAR = {2002},
}

@PHDTHESIS{Raheel2010,
   AUTHOR = {Raheel, Saeed},
   TITLE = {Apprentissage artificiel et fouille de données multilingues : le cas des documents arabes},
   SCHOOL = {Université de Lyon},
   TYPE = {Doctorat en Sciences de l'Information et de la Communication},
   YEAR = {2010},
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{RaheelDichy2010,
   AUTHOR = {Raheel, Saeed and Dichy, Joseph},
   EDITOR = {Gelbukh, Alexander},
   TITLE = {An Empirical Study on the Feature's Type Effect on the Automatic Classification of {A}rabic Documents},
   BOOKTITLE = {Computational linguistics and intelligent text processing, Proceedings of the 11th international conference, CICling 2010},
   PUBLISHER = {Springer-Verlag},
   ADDRESS = {Berlin/Heidelberg/New York},
   YEAR = {2010},
   PAGES = {673--686},
   NOTE = {Iaşi, Romania, March 2010},
}

@BOOK{Reig1983,
   AUTHOR = {Reig, Daniel},
   TITLE = {La conjugaison de la langue arabe},
   PUBLISHER = {Maisonneuve et Larose},
   ADDRESS = {Paris},
   YEAR = {1983},
}

@BOOK{Roman2011,
   AUTHOR = {Roman, André},
   TITLE = {Grammaire systématique de la langue arabe},
   PUBLISHER = {L'Harmattan},
   ADDRESS = {Paris},
   YEAR = {2011},
}

@BOOK{Sheidlin1978,
   AUTHOR = {Sheidlin, Raymond},
   TITLE = {201 {A}rabic verbs fully conjugated in all the forms},
   PUBLISHER = {Barron's Educational Series},
   ADDRESS = {New York},
   YEAR = {1978},
}

@PHDTHESIS{Zaafrani2002,
   AUTHOR = {Zaafrani, Riadh},
   TITLE = {Développement d'un environnement interactif d'apprentissage avec ordinateur de l'arabe langue étrangère},
   SCHOOL = {ENSSIB/Université de Lyon},
   YEAR = {2002},
}

Joseph Dichy (2024), “Written languages and the Mental Lexicon: a crucial aspect of grapholinguistics, exemplified by agglutinative word-form recognition in Arabic and Biblical Hebrew,” in Proceedings of Grapholinguistics in the 21st Century, 2024 (Yannis Haralambous, Ed.), Grapholinguistics and Its Applications, Vol. 11, Brest: Fluxus Editions, 209–228.


@INPROCEEDINGS{gla11-dich,
   AUTHOR = {Joseph Dichy},
   EDITOR = {Haralambous, Yannis},
   TITLE = {{Written languages and the Mental Lexicon: a crucial aspect of grapholinguistics, exemplified by agglutinative word-form recognition in Arabic and Biblical Hebrew}},
   BOOKTITLE = {{Proceedings of Grapholinguistics in the 21st Century, 2024}},
   SERIES = {{Grapholinguistics and Its Applications}},
   VOLUME = {11},
   PUBLISHER = {Fluxus Editions},
   ADDRESS = {Brest},
   YEAR = {2024},
   PAGES = {209--228},
   DOI = {https://doi.org/10.36824/2024-graf-dich},
}