ISSN: 2534-5192 (electronic) – 2681-8566 (print)

◀ Behnoosh Namdarzadeh, Nicolas Ballier▲ ProceedingsDonald E. Knuth, interviewed by Yannis Haralambous ▶



ISBN: 978-2-487055-10-0
e-ISBN: 978-2-487055-11-7

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The Developing Orthographic Conventions of Roman Hindi-Urdu
Saiya L. Karamali
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Abstract. The Roman script has become ubiquitous over the past few decades for writing Hindi-Urdu online. Not only have the orthographic conventions of Roman Hindi-Urdu not been studied in detail, but the lack of prescriptive rules gives us an opportunity to examine how a writing system might develop organically. After presenting a brief history of Roman Hindi-Urdu, and discussing possible reasons for its popularity, I use data from X (formerly Twitter) to identify the most common orthographic representations for each Hindi-Urdu phoneme. I then investigate how consistent these conventions are and which psychological, sociocultural, and technological factors appear to have shaped their development. I find a remarkable tendency toward a one-to-one relationship between orthographic representations and phonemes, but I also find some considerations which appear to override this tendency. By documenting the orthographic conventions of Roman Hindi-Urdu, this paper provides a foundation for future work on Roman Hindi-Urdu as well as a possible example of what an organically developing writing system might look like.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.36824/2024-graf-kara


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   TITLE = {Urdu in {Devanagari}: Shifting orthographic practices and {Muslim} identity in {Delhi}},
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   YEAR = {2011},
   VOLUME = {40},
   NUMBER = {3},
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   TITLE = {A preliminary linguistic analysis of {Romanized} {Persian} {SMS} messages},
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   YEAR = {2017},
   VOLUME = {5},
   NUMBER = {1},
   PAGES = {52--67},
}

Saiya L. Karamali (2024), “The Developing Orthographic Conventions of Roman Hindi-Urdu,” in Proceedings of Grapholinguistics in the 21st Century, 2024 (Yannis Haralambous, Ed.), Grapholinguistics and Its Applications, Vol. 11, Brest: Fluxus Editions, 361–391.


@INPROCEEDINGS{gla11-kara,
   AUTHOR = {Saiya L. Karamali},
   EDITOR = {Haralambous, Yannis},
   TITLE = {{The Developing Orthographic Conventions of Roman Hindi-Urdu}},
   BOOKTITLE = {{Proceedings of Grapholinguistics in the 21st Century, 2024}},
   SERIES = {{Grapholinguistics and Its Applications}},
   VOLUME = {11},
   PUBLISHER = {Fluxus Editions},
   ADDRESS = {Brest},
   YEAR = {2024},
   PAGES = {361--391},
   DOI = {https://doi.org/10.36824/2024-graf-kara},
}