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Abstract. Writing is implicitly four-dimensional, the outcome of an act that takes place in time and space. However, in East Asian brush writing, time and space are not only explicit but meaning-bearing. The clear expression of four-dimensionality made brush writing a medium which communicated not only language, but also the embodied writer. This paper proposes that in the premodern Japanese context, writing was a powerful mode for communicating social meanings associated with the body, meanings which contemporary reading practices overlook.

References References in BIB How to cite How to cite in BIB

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Caramazza, Alfonso, Stefano Anzellotti, Lukas Strnad, and Angelika Lingnau. 2014. “Embodied Cognition and Mirror Neurons: A Critical Assessment.” Annual Review of Neuroscience 37 (1): 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-neuro-071013-013950.

Carpenter, John T. 2008. “Chinese Calligraphic Models in Heian Japan: Copying Practices and Stylistic Transmission.” In The Culture of Copying in Japan: Critical and Historical Perspectives, edited by Rupert A. Cox. Japan Anthropology Workshop Series. London: Routledge.

———. 2019. “Learning the Women’s Hand in Heian Japan: Kana Calligraphy and the Tale of Genji.” In The Tale of Genji: A Japanese Classic Illuminated. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art.

Carpenter, John T., Melissa McCormick, Monika Bincsik, Kyoko Kinoshita, and Sano Midori. 2019. The Tale of Genji: A Japanese Classic Illuminated. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art.

Chance, Linda H., and Julie Nelson Davis. 2016. “The Handwritten and the Printed: Issues of Format and Medium in Japanese Premodern Books.” Manuscript Studies: A Journal of the Schoenberg Institute for Manuscript Studies 1 (1): 90–114. https://doi.org/10.1353/mns.2016.0010.

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Gnanadesikan, Amalia E. 2008. The Writing Revolution: Cuneiform to the Internet. Newark, UK: John Wiley & Sons. http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/cam/detail.action?docID=428169.

Ishikawa, Kyūyō. 1994. 書とはどういう芸術か: 筆蝕の美学 [What Kind of Art Is Calligraphy?: An Aesthetics of Brush Traces]. 1st ed. 中公新書 [Chūkō Shinsho] 1220. Tokyo: 中央公論社 [Chūō Kōronsha].

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@ARTICLE{Blair2017,
   AUTHOR = {Blair, Heather},
   TITLE = {Mothers of the Buddhas: The Sutra on Transforming Women into Buddhas (\‍textit{Bussetsu Tennyo Jōbutsu Kyō})},
   JOURNAL = {Monumenta Nipponica},
   YEAR = {2017},
   VOLUME = {71},
   NUMBER = {2},
   PAGES = {263--293},
}

@BOOK{Bourdieu1977,
   AUTHOR = {Bourdieu, Pierre},
   TRANSLATOR = {Nice, Richard},
   TITLE = {Outline of a Theory of Practice},
   PUBLISHER = {Cambridge University Press},
   YEAR = {1977},
}

@ARTICLE{Caramazza2014,
   AUTHOR = {Caramazza, Alfonso and Anzellotti, Stefano and Strnad, Lukas and Lingnau, Angelika},
   TITLE = {Embodied Cognition and Mirror Neurons: A Critical Assessment},
   JOURNAL = {Annual Review of Neuroscience},
   YEAR = {2014},
   VOLUME = {37},
   NUMBER = {1},
   PAGES = {1--15},
}

@INCOLLECTION{Carpenter2008,
   AUTHOR = {Carpenter, John T.},
   EDITOR = {Cox, Rupert A.},
   TITLE = {Chinese Calligraphic Models in {Heian Japan}: Copying Practices and Stylistic Transmission},
   BOOKTITLE = {The Culture of Copying in {Japan}: Critical and Historical Perspectives},
   SERIES = {Japan Anthropology Workshop Series},
   PUBLISHER = {Routledge},
   ADDRESS = {London},
   YEAR = {2008},
}

@INCOLLECTION{Carpenter2019,
   AUTHOR = {Carpenter, John T.},
   TITLE = {Learning the Women's Hand in {Heian Japan}: Kana Calligraphy and the {Tale of Genji}},
   BOOKTITLE = {The Tale of {Genji}: A {Japanese} Classic Illuminated},
   PUBLISHER = {The Metropolitan Museum of Art},
   ADDRESS = {New York},
   YEAR = {2019},
}

@BOOK{Carpenter2019a,
   AUTHOR = {Carpenter, John T. and Melissa McCormick and Monika Bincsik and Kyoko Kinoshita and Sano Midori},
   TITLE = {{The Tale of Genji: A Japanese Classic Illuminated}},
   PUBLISHER = {Metropolitan Museum of Art},
   ADDRESS = {New York},
   YEAR = {2019},
}

@ARTICLE{Chance2016,
   AUTHOR = {Chance, Linda H. and Davis, Julie Nelson},
   TITLE = {The Handwritten and the Printed: Issues of Format and Medium in {Japanese} Premodern Books},
   JOURNAL = {Manuscript Studies: A Journal of the Schoenberg Institute for Manuscript Studies},
   YEAR = {2016},
   VOLUME = {1},
   NUMBER = {1},
   PAGES = {90--114},
}

@BOOK{Dore1965,
   AUTHOR = {Dore, Ronald},
   TITLE = {Education in {Tokugawa Japan}},
   PUBLISHER = {Routledge \& K. Paul},
   ADDRESS = {London},
   YEAR = {1965},
}

@INCOLLECTION{Kaibara1979,
   AUTHOR = {Kaibara Ekiken},
   EDITOR = {Matsuda Michio},
   TITLE = {Wazoku dōjikun},
   BOOKTITLE = {Yamato zokkun/Wazoku dōjikun},
   PUBLISHER = {Chūkō Bunko},
   ADDRESS = {Tokyo},
   YEAR = {1979},
}

@ARTICLE{Gilderdale1999,
   AUTHOR = {Gilderdale, Peter},
   TITLE = {The Great Copperplate Myth},
   JOURNAL = {Letter Arts Review},
   YEAR = {1999},
   VOLUME = {15},
   NUMBER = {1},
   PAGES = {38--47},
}

@BOOK{Gnanadesikan2008,
   AUTHOR = {Gnanadesikan, Amalia E.},
   TITLE = {The Writing Revolution: Cuneiform to the Internet},
   PUBLISHER = {John Wiley \& Sons},
   ADDRESS = {Newark, UK},
   YEAR = {2008},
   URL = {http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/cam/detail.action?docID=428169},
}

@BOOK{Ishikawa1994,
   AUTHOR = {Ishikawa, {Kyūyō \japanese[石川九楊]}},
   TITLE = {{\japanese 書とはどういう芸術か: 筆蝕の美学} [What Kind of Art Is Calligraphy?: An Aesthetics of Brush Traces]},
   EDITION = {1},
   SERIES = {{\japanese 中公新書} [Chūkō shinsho] 1220},
   PUBLISHER = {{\japanese 中央公論社} [Chūō Kōronsha]},
   ADDRESS = {Tokyo},
   YEAR = {1994},
}

@ARTICLE{Kaya2002,
   AUTHOR = {Kaya, {Noriko \japanese[萱のり子]}},
   TITLE = {Changes in ``Modern'' {Japanese} Calligraphy},
   JOURNAL = {{\japanese 美術科研究} [Study of Art]},
   YEAR = {2002},
   VOLUME = {19},
   PAGES = {41--46},
}

@BOOK{Koizumi2007,
   AUTHOR = {Koizumi, {Yoshinaga \japanese[小泉吉永]}},
   TITLE = {{\japanese 江戸の子育て十カ条―善悪は四歳から教えなさい} [The Ten Principles of Child-Rearing in Edo: Teach Right and Wrong from the Age of Four]},
   PUBLISHER = {{\japanese 柏書房} [Kashiwa Shobō]},
   ADDRESS = {Tokyo},
   YEAR = {2007},
}

@BOOK{Moretti2020,
   AUTHOR = {Moretti, Laura},
   TITLE = {Pleasure in Profit: Popular Prose in Seventeenth-Century {Japan}},
   PUBLISHER = {Columbia University Press},
   YEAR = {2020},
}

@BOOK{Osako2012,
   AUTHOR = {Ōsako, Kanpo {\japanese[大迫閑歩]}},
   EDITOR = {{Yūji \japanese[河原木有二]}, Kawaragi},
   TITLE = {{\japanese えんぴつで方丈記} [Hōjōki by Pencil]},
   SERIES = {{\japanese えんぴつで楽しむ古典} [Enjoying the Classics by Pencil]},
   PUBLISHER = {{\japanese ポプラ社} [Poplar]},
   ADDRESS = {Tokyo},
   YEAR = {2012},
}

@INCOLLECTION{Oshio1914,
   AUTHOR = {Oshio, {Yūshō \japanese[小塩幽昭]}},
   TITLE = {{\japanese 筆道秘伝抄} [Secret Transmission on the Way of the Brush]},
   BOOKTITLE = {{\japanese 日本書画苑} [Nihon Shogaen]},
   PUBLISHER = {{\japanese 国書刊行会} [Kokushokankōkai]},
   ADDRESS = {Tokyo},
   YEAR = {1914},
   VOLUME = {1},
   NOTE = {\url{info:ndljp/pid/945820}},
}

@ARTICLE{Rizzolatti2010,
   AUTHOR = {Rizzolatti, Giacomo and Sinigaglia, Corrado},
   TITLE = {The Functional Role of the Parieto-Frontal Mirror Circuit: Interpretations and Misinterpretations},
   JOURNAL = {Nature Reviews Neuroscience},
   YEAR = {2010},
   VOLUME = {11},
   NUMBER = {4},
   PAGES = {264--274},
}

@INCOLLECTION{Sasaki2023,
   AUTHOR = {Sasaki, Takahiro},
   TITLE = {Manuscript Features of Early {Japanese} Movable Type Books: On the Intersection of Eastern and Western Typesetting Techniques},
   BOOKTITLE = {Between Manuscript and Print: Transcultural Perspectives, ca.\ 1400--1800},
   PUBLISHER = {De Gruyter},
   YEAR = {2023},
   PAGES = {187--208},
}

@ARTICLE{Sasaki2022,
   AUTHOR = {Sasaki, Takahiro and Burtscher, Michael},
   TITLE = {Jesuit Printing and Hiragana Books},
   JOURNAL = {Monumenta Nipponica},
   YEAR = {2022},
   VOLUME = {77},
   NUMBER = {1},
   PAGES = {27--75},
}

@BOOK{Tyler2003,
   AUTHOR = {Tyler, Royall},
   TITLE = {The Tale of {Genji}},
   PUBLISHER = {Penguin Books},
   ADDRESS = {New York},
   YEAR = {2003},
}

Helen Magowan (2024), “Towards reading in four dimensions,” in Proceedings of Grapholinguistics in the 21st Century, 2024 (Yannis Haralambous, Ed.), Grapholinguistics and Its Applications, Vol. 12, Brest: Fluxus Editions, 489–506.


@INPROCEEDINGS{gla12-mago,
   AUTHOR = {Helen Magowan},
   EDITOR = {Haralambous, Yannis},
   TITLE = {{Towards reading in four dimensions}},
   BOOKTITLE = {{Proceedings of Grapholinguistics in the 21st Century, 2024}},
   SERIES = {{Grapholinguistics and Its Applications}},
   VOLUME = {12},
   PUBLISHER = {Fluxus Editions},
   ADDRESS = {Brest},
   YEAR = {2024},
   PAGES = {489--506},
   DOI = {https://doi.org/10.36824/2024-graf-mago},
}