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Comparing the Visual Untranslatability of Ancient Egyptian and Arabic Writing Systems
Hany Rashwan ORCID iD icon
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Abstract. The paper discusses the mechanism of visual jinās (roughly meaning wordplay?) in both ancient Egyptian and Arabic languages. It demonstrates the significance of looking into several overlooked visual aesthetics, which were mainly designed to stimulate the eyes and minds of the indigenous readers, to shape any theory related to the literary analysis of ancient Egyptian or Arabic writing systems.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.36824/2020-graf-rash


Al-Bisāṭī, Mohammad [البساطي، محمود] (2018). التالد والطريف في فن جناس التصحيف [The inherited and humorous in the art of visual jinas]. Ed. by Ashraf al-Iskandrany [أشرف الإسكندراني]. القاهرة [Cairo]: معهد المخطوطات العربية [The Institute of Arabic Manuscripts].

Darnell, John (2004). The Enigmatic Netherworld Books of the Solar Osirian Unity: Cryptographic Compositions in the Tombs of Tutankhamun, Ramesses VI, and Ramesses IX. Zurich: Orbis Biblicus Et Orientalis.

Diakonoff, Igor (1981). “Earliest Semites in Asia Agriculture and Animal Husbandry According to Linguistic Data (8th-4th Millennia BC).” In: Altorientalische Forschungen 8, pp. 23–74.

Ehret, Christopher (1995). Reconstructing Proto-Afroasiatic (proto-Afrasian): Vowels, Tone, Consonants and Vocabulary. Vol. 126. University of California Publications in Linguistics. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Greenberg, Joseph H. (1971). Language, Culture and Communication: Essays. Stanford: Stanford University Press.

Al-Gundy, Ali [الجندي، علي] (1954). فن الجناس: بلاغة – أدب – نقد [The art of Jinās: Eloquence – Literature – Criticism]. القاهرة [Cairo]: دار الفكر [House of Thought].

Hallof, Jochen (2011). “Esna.” In: UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology. Los Angeles. url: http://digital2.library.ucla.edu.

Hodge, Carleton (1983). “Afroasiatic: The Horizon and beyond.” In: The Jewish Quarterly Review 74.2, pp. 137–158.

Kitchen, Kenneth A. (1980). Ramesside Inscriptions, Historical and Biographical. Vol. 3. Oxford: Blackwell.

Parkinson, Richard (1991). The Tale of the Eloquent Peasant. Oxford: Griffith Institute.

_____________ (1997). “The Text of ‘Khakheperreseneb’: New Readings of EA 5645, and an Unpublished Ostracon.” In: The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 83, pp. 55–68.

Quirke, Stephen (2004). Egyptian Literature 1800 BC: Questions and Readings. London: Golden House.

Rashwan, Hany (2019). “Ancient Egyptian Image-Writing: Between the Unspoken and Visual Poetics.” In: Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt 55, pp. 137–160.

_____________ (2020). “Comparative balāghah: Arabic and ancient Egyptian literary rhetoric through the lens of Post-Eurocentric Poetics.” In: The Routledge Handbook of Comparative World Rhetorics: Studies in the History, Application, and Teaching of Rhetoric Beyond Traditional Greco-Roman Contexts. Ed. by Keith Lloyd. New York: Routledge, pp. 389–403.

Yoyotte, Jean (1950). “Les stèles de Ramsès II à Tanis.” In: Kêmi, Revue de philologie et d’archéologie égyptiennes et coptes 11, pp. 47–62.

@BOOK{albisati,
   AUTHOR = {Al-Bisāṭī, Mohammad},
   AUTHOR_ORIGINAL = {{البساطي، محمود}},
   AUTHOR_ORIGINAL+AN = {1=ar-Arab},
   EDITOR = {Ashraf al-Iskandrany},
   EDITOR_ORIGINAL = {{أشرف الإسكندراني}},
   EDITOR_ORIGINAL+AN = {1=ar-Arab},
   TITLE = {\‍textarabic{التالد والطريف في فن جناس التصحيف} [The inherited and humorous in the art of visual jinas]},
   PUBLISHER = {\‍textarabic{معهد المخطوطات العربية} [The Institute of Arabic Manuscripts]},
   ADDRESS = {\‍textarabic{القاهرة} [Cairo]},
   YEAR = {2018},
}

@BOOK{darnell,
   AUTHOR = {Darnell, John},
   TITLE = {The Enigmatic Netherworld Books of the Solar Osirian Unity: Cryptographic Compositions in the Tombs of Tutankhamun, Ramesses VI, and Ramesses IX},
   PUBLISHER = {Orbis Biblicus Et Orientalis},
   ADDRESS = {Zurich},
   YEAR = {2004},
}

@ARTICLE{diakonoff,
   AUTHOR = {Diakonoff, Igor},
   TITLE = {Earliest Semites in Asia Agriculture and Animal Husbandry According to Linguistic Data (8th-4th Millennia BC)},
   JOURNAL = {Altorientalische Forschungen},
   YEAR = {1981},
   VOLUME = {8},
   PAGES = {23--74},
}

@BOOK{ehret,
   AUTHOR = {Ehret, Christopher},
   TITLE = {Reconstructing Proto-Afroasiatic (proto-Afrasian): Vowels, Tone, Consonants and Vocabulary},
   SERIES = {University of California Publications in Linguistics},
   PUBLISHER = {University of California Press},
   ADDRESS = {Berkeley},
   YEAR = {1995},
   VOLUME = {126},
}

@BOOK{greenberg,
   AUTHOR = {Greenberg, Joseph H.},
   TITLE = {Language, Culture and Communication: Essays},
   PUBLISHER = {Stanford University Press},
   ADDRESS = {Stanford},
   YEAR = {1971},
}

@BOOK{algundy,
   AUTHOR = {Al-Gundy, Ali},
   AUTHOR_ORIGINAL = {{الجندي، علي}},
   AUTHOR_ORIGINAL+AN = {1=ar-Arab},
   TITLE = {\‍textarabic{فن الجناس: بلاغة – أدب – نقد} [The art of Jinās: Eloquence -- Literature -- Criticism]},
   PUBLISHER = {\‍textarabic{دار الفكر} [House of Thought]},
   ADDRESS = {\‍textarabic{القاهرة} [Cairo]},
   YEAR = {1954},
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{hallof,
   AUTHOR = {Hallof, Jochen},
   TITLE = {Esna},
   BOOKTITLE = {UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology},
   EDITION = {Willeke Wendrich},
   ADDRESS = {Los Angeles},
   YEAR = {2011},
   URL = {http://digital2.library.ucla.edu},
}

@ARTICLE{hodge,
   AUTHOR = {Hodge, Carleton},
   TITLE = {Afroasiatic: The Horizon and beyond},
   JOURNAL = {The Jewish Quarterly Review},
   YEAR = {1983},
   VOLUME = {74},
   NUMBER = {2},
   PAGES = {137--158},
}

@BOOK{kitchen,
   AUTHOR = {Kitchen, Kenneth A.},
   TITLE = {Ramesside Inscriptions, Historical and Biographical},
   PUBLISHER = {Blackwell},
   ADDRESS = {Oxford},
   YEAR = {1980},
   VOLUME = {3},
}

@BOOK{parkinson91,
   AUTHOR = {Parkinson, Richard},
   TITLE = {The Tale of the Eloquent Peasant},
   PUBLISHER = {Griffith Institute},
   ADDRESS = {Oxford},
   YEAR = {1991},
}

@ARTICLE{parkinson97,
   AUTHOR = {Parkinson, Richard},
   TITLE = {The Text of `Khakheperreseneb': New Readings of EA 5645, and an Unpublished Ostracon},
   JOURNAL = {The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology},
   YEAR = {1997},
   VOLUME = {83},
   PAGES = {55--68},
}

@BOOK{quirke,
   AUTHOR = {Quirke, Stephen},
   TITLE = {Egyptian Literature 1800~BC: Questions and Readings},
   PUBLISHER = {Golden House},
   ADDRESS = {London},
   YEAR = {2004},
}

@ARTICLE{rashwan19,
   AUTHOR = {Rashwan, Hany},
   TITLE = {Ancient Egyptian Image-Writing: Between the Unspoken and Visual Poetics},
   JOURNAL = {Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt},
   YEAR = {2019},
   VOLUME = {55},
   PAGES = {137--160},
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{rashwan20,
   AUTHOR = {Rashwan, Hany},
   EDITOR = {Keith Lloyd},
   TITLE = {Comparative balāghah: Arabic and ancient Egyptian literary rhetoric through the lens of Post-Eurocentric Poetics},
   BOOKTITLE = {The Routledge Handbook of Comparative World Rhetorics: Studies in the History, Application, and Teaching of Rhetoric Beyond Traditional Greco-Roman Contexts},
   PUBLISHER = {Routledge},
   ADDRESS = {New York},
   YEAR = {2020},
   PAGES = {389--403},
}

@ARTICLE{yoyotte,
   AUTHOR = {Yoyotte, Jean},
   TITLE = {Les stèles de Ramsès II à Tanis},
   JOURNAL = {Kêmi, Revue de philologie et d'archéologie égyptiennes et coptes},
   YEAR = {1950},
   VOLUME = {11},
   PAGES = {47--62},
}


Hany Rashwan (2020), “Comparing the Visual Untranslatability of Ancient Egyptian and Arabic Writing Systems,” in Proceedings of Grapholinguistics in the 21st Century, 2020 (Yannis Haralambous, Ed.), Grapholinguistics and Its Applications, Vol. 5, Brest: Fluxus Editions, 1095–1106.


@INPROCEEDINGS{gla5-rash,
   AUTHOR = {Hany Rashwan},
   EDITOR = {Haralambous, Yannis},
   TITLE = {{Comparing the Visual Untranslatability of Ancient Egyptian and Arabic Writing Systems}},
   BOOKTITLE = {{Proceedings of Grapholinguistics in the 21st Century, 2020}},
   SERIES = {{Grapholinguistics and Its Applications}},
   VOLUME = {5},
   PUBLISHER = {Fluxus Editions},
   ADDRESS = {Brest},
   YEAR = {2020},
   PAGES = {1095--1106},
   DOI = {https://doi.org/10.36824/2020-graf-rash},
}